Irregularities present on a surface are often described as surface roughness or texture. These surface textures such as grooves and dimples impart friction, which is the force between two sliding ...

This new research systematically investigates the changes to surface morphology during cathodic hydrogen charging. While hydrogen embrittlement resulting from this charging process has been ...

Surface roughness is a key factor for corrosion resistance in stainless steel, and products must conform to the European standard. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a convenient way to analyse ...

As transistor dimensions within integrated circuits continue to shrink, smooth metallic lines are required to interconnect these devices. If the surfaces of these tiny metal lines aren't smooth enough ...

BEOL metal line RC delay has become a dominant factor limiting chip operation speeds at advanced nodes. This is because smaller metal line pitches require narrower line CD and line-to-line spacing, ...