The ability to manage surface quality is critical in many manufacturing industries because surfaces play a major role in mechanical failures, including catastrophic wear, cracking and deterioration.

Irregularities present on a surface are often described as surface roughness or texture. These surface textures such as grooves and dimples impart friction, which is the force between two sliding ...

Surface roughness influences many mechanical properties, including friction and adhesion, surface reactivity, semiconductor substrate quality, and surface interaction with electromagnetic waves, ...