Much more difficult is learning to connect different types of stimuli or events, and predicting that one is linked to another. Such associative learning was most famously demonstrated when Ivan Pavlov ...

A growing body of peer-reviewed research is building the case that single-celled organisms, creatures with no brain, no neurons, and no nervous system at all, can exhibit habituation, one of the ...

A globally distributed single-celled organism that occurs in harmful algal blooms has been found to exhibit an unusual organisation of photosynthesis. Researchers have taken a closer look at the ...

A giant, single-celled organism with no brain, neurons, or nervous system has demonstrated an advanced form of learning previously thought impossible for a solitary cell. The organism is Stentor ...